Subdivisions and composition of body fluids.
Cell electrophysiology. Resting cell membrane potential. Action potential and its propagation. Synaptic function. Synaptic properties and neurotransmitters. Nervous conduction. Excitatory and inhibitory postsynaptic potential. Neuromuscular junction.
Nervous system. Sensory system. Generator and receptor membrane potential. Somatic sensations. Tactile and position senses. Neuromuscular spindles and Golgi tendon organs;  and  circuits. Sensory pathways for transmitting somatic signals to central nervous system. Sensory cortex Thermal sensation. Pain. Types of pain receptors. Referred and visceral pain. Peripheral and central control of pain. Vestibular sensation and maintenance of equilibrium. Vestibular apparatus. Transmission of sound through the medium and inner ear. The retina as a receptor. The chemical senses – Taste and Smell. The neuromotor unit. Organization of spinal cord for motor function. Flexor and withdrawal reflexes, crossed extended reflex. Cortical and brainstem control of motor function. Role of reticular and vestibular nuclei. Control of posture. Cerebellum. Basal ganglia. Cerebral cortex. EEG. Association areas. Language. Different function of the two hemispheres. Limbic system and Hypothalamus. Functions of the limbic system. Autonomic nervous system. Sympathetic and parasympathetic function. And their control of distinct organs function.
Muscle and locomotion. Function of skeletal muscle. Elastic and contractile components. Isometric, isotonic and iso-velocity contraction. Single twitch and tetanisation. Force-length diagram. Force-velocity diagram. Dynamic force-velocity diagram.
Heart. Cardiac pace-maker.. Electrocardiogram. Control of cardiac function. centres, efferent pathways. Cardiac mechanics. Valves function. Ventricular pressure and volume during cardiac cycle. Cardiac stroke and cardiac output.
Circulatory system. Distribution of blood volume. Velocity, cross section and pressure in the circulatory districts. Mechanical features of blood vessels and Laplace law. Bernoully law. Orthostatic ipotension. Laminar and turbulent flow. Pulse pressure velocity and transit time. Fluid and solute exchanges between microvasculature and interstitial space. Control of interstitial volume. Lymph formation and propulsion. Nervous and endocrine control of arterial pressure. Special districts. Pulmonary circulation.
Respiratory system. Ambient and alveolar air composition. Spirometry, static lung volumes. Pulmonary and alveolar volume and flow. Intrapleural pressure and pneumothorax. Respiratory gas exchanges. O2 consumption and CO2. production. Respiratory ratio. Alveolar gas equation. Alveolo-capillary respiratory gas diffusion. O2 and CO2 transport in blood transport in blood. Hypoxia. Nervous and chemical control of respiratory function.
Excretory system. Glomerular filtration: composition of glomerular filtrate. Renal blood flow and filtration fraction. Glomerular auto regulation. Renal clearance. Proximal tubule Henle loop. Osmolarity in tubular and extracellular fluid. Vasa recta. Distal convolute and collecting tubules. Absorption of water and Na+; excretion of H+, K+. Aldosterone and vasopressine. Regulation of volume and osmoticity in extracellular body fluids. Acid-base equilibrium. Physiological buffer solutions. H+ production and its buffering. Respiratory and metabolic acidosis and alkalosis. Control of pH by renal and respiratory correction. Metabolism. Energetic fuels, oxygen consumption. Basal, rest ad exercise metabolism.
Digestive system. General features of the digestive tube. Salivary and gastric secretion and their nervous control. Bile secretion and functions. Composition and functions of pancreatic and intestinal secretion. Endocrine control of secretions. Digestion and absorption of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, ions (Fe++, Ca++, etc.), vitamins, drugs and water.
Endocrine system. Mechanisms of hormone release and action.