EMBRIOGENESIS OF PERIODONTUS; anatomy of the periodontium: gingiva, periodontal ligament, root cement, alveolar bone;
ANATOMY OF THE MALE BONES; general anatomy of the teeth; topography of maxillary nerves; anatomy of blood vessels and lymphatic system;
THE MICROCIRCULATION AND THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM;
GENERAL INFORMATION ON MICROORGANISMS: diversity of microorganisms: eukaryotes, prokaryotes, viruses; distribution of
microorganisms in nature;
DENTAL PLAQUE: training and distribution, structure
of supragingival plaque, plaque structure
subgingival;
BIOCHEMISTRY OF CALCIUM PHOSPHATES; TARTAR:
Clinical aspect, distribution and clinical diagnosis, Attack on tooth surfaces, Mineralization, composition and structure, Clinical implications;
EPIDEMIOLOGY OF PERIODONTAL DISEASES; ETIOLOGY OF PERIODONTAL DISEASES: Periodontal disease and infectious disease. Evolution of the etiological concept: non-specific plaque hypothesis, mixed anaerobic infections, specificity in etiology, specific plaque hypothesis. Perio-pathogenic agents: definition criteria. Biofilms: Nature, Structure, Properties, Exopolysaccharides, Heterogeneity physiology, Quorum sensing, Adhesion, Mechanisms of resistance. Subgingival microbial complexes and development of periodontal diseases. Factors influencing the composition of biofilms: State of periodontal disease, Habitat, Transmission. Composition of the biofilms above and below the gums. Requirements for the onset of periodontal diseases: virulent periodontal pathogen, local ambenete, host susceptibility. Mechanisms of pathogenetic virulence of microorganisms: adhesins, coaggregation, multiplication, interbacterial relationships, overcoming host defenses, invasion, tissue damage factors.
PATHOGENESIS OF PERIODONTAL DISEASES: Histopathology of periodontal lesions: initial, early, stabilized and advanced lesion. Host-parasite interactions. Innate defense system. Adapted defense system
MODIFICATION FACTORS OF PERIODONTAL DISEASES: Diabetes. Puberty, pregnancy, hormonal contraceptives, menopause, osteoporosis. Smoke.
PERIODONTAL DISEASES AS RISK FACTORS: History of focal infection. Risk concept. Concordance, strength and specificity of the associations. Biological plausibility. Preterm and underweight birth. Diabetes. Coronary artery disease and cerebrovascular diseases. Respiratory infections.
GENETICS AND PERIODONTITE.
Plaque-induced gum disease; inflammatory gum diseases not induced by plaque; chronic periodontitis; aggressive periodontitis; necrotizing periodontal disease; periodontal abscess.